Career Boost: CEOs Crave This Underrated Listening Skill

Career Boost: CEOs Crave This Underrated Listening Skill

Career Boost: CEOs Crave This Underrated Listening Skill

Unlock Your Career Potential: The Underrated Trait CEOs Crave

The Trait That Transforms Careers

I will never forget the student who came to my office hours in a mess of tears and dismay. 

She’d just received the results of the 360 feedback report from her former (pre-MBA) bosses and coworkers, a process which all of my students go through as part of “Becoming You,” my class on career development.

“Professor Welch, you have to help me,” she pleaded, “My results were atrocious!”

At first, I was too stunned to reply. I’d seen this student’s results and they were anything but. 

But within a minute, I recognized the problem. I’d seen it before — many times. This student had wanted her 360 feedback to celebrate her brilliant ideas and phenomenal people skills. She’d wanted her evaluators to talk about her astute data analysis, visionary outlook on industry trends, and say things like, “She inspires us all to greater heights!”

Instead, it celebrated…her ability to *listen*.

Why Listening is a Superpower in Today's Workplace

In a world obsessed with talking, networking, and self-promotion, the ability to truly listen has become a rare and invaluable skill. Think about it: how many meetings have you attended where people are just waiting for their turn to speak, not actually absorbing what's being said?

Listening isn’t passive; it’s an active process of understanding, empathizing, and responding thoughtfully. It’s the foundation of strong relationships, effective teamwork, and innovative problem-solving. It is the number one underrated trait that CEOs wish for.

The 360 Feedback Revelation: Beyond the Buzzwords

My student’s 360 feedback highlighted something profound: her colleagues valued her listening skills above all else. They praised her ability to understand their perspectives, ask insightful questions, and contribute to discussions in a meaningful way.

This wasn't about charismatic leadership or groundbreaking ideas. It was about creating a space where everyone felt heard and valued. And that, my friends, is a game-changer.

Harnessing the Power of Active Listening

What is Active Listening?

Active listening goes beyond just hearing the words someone is saying. It involves:

  • Paying attention: Eliminating distractions and focusing entirely on the speaker.
  • Showing that you’re listening: Using nonverbal cues like nodding, eye contact, and open body language.
  • Providing feedback: Asking clarifying questions and summarizing the speaker’s points.
  • Deferring judgment: Avoiding interrupting or offering opinions until the speaker is finished.
  • Responding appropriately: Offering thoughtful and relevant feedback based on what you’ve heard.

The ROI of Listening: How it Benefits You and Your Team

Investing in your listening skills isn't just a nice-to-have; it's a strategic advantage. Here's how it pays off:

  • Improved Communication: Fewer misunderstandings, clearer expectations, and smoother collaborations.
  • Stronger Relationships: Building trust and rapport with colleagues, clients, and superiors.
  • Enhanced Problem-Solving: Gaining a deeper understanding of challenges and finding more effective solutions.
  • Increased Innovation: Creating a safe space for diverse perspectives and fostering creative thinking.
  • Greater Job Satisfaction: Feeling more connected to your work and your colleagues, leading to higher morale and productivity.

How to Cultivate Your Listening Skills: Practical Strategies

Practice Empathetic Listening

Try to understand the speaker's perspective, even if you disagree with their point of view. Ask yourself: "What might they be feeling right now?"

Ask Open-Ended Questions

Instead of yes/no questions, use open-ended questions that encourage the speaker to elaborate and share more information. For example, instead of asking "Did you like the presentation?", ask "What were your key takeaways from the presentation?"

Minimize Distractions

Put away your phone, close your laptop, and find a quiet space where you can focus solely on the speaker.

Paraphrase and Summarize

Periodically paraphrase what you've heard to ensure you understand the speaker's message correctly. For example, "So, if I understand correctly, you're saying that...".

Be Present in the Moment

Focus on the speaker and what they are saying, rather than thinking about what you're going to say next. Mindfulness techniques can be helpful for staying present.

The CEO's Secret Weapon: Why Leaders Value Listening

CEOs recognize that effective listening is crucial for building high-performing teams and driving organizational success. A leader who listens well is more likely to:

  • Understand employee needs and concerns.
  • Make informed decisions based on diverse perspectives.
  • Foster a culture of collaboration and innovation.
  • Build trust and loyalty among employees.

The Art of Receiving Feedback: A Listening Masterclass

Listening isn't just about hearing what others say; it's also about being receptive to feedback, even when it's difficult to hear. Remember my student? Her initial reaction to the 360 feedback was resistance. But once she embraced the feedback and recognized the value of her listening skills, she transformed her approach to leadership.

Turning Feedback into Fuel: Embracing Constructive Criticism

Seek Feedback Actively

Don't wait for feedback to come to you. Proactively ask for it from your colleagues, managers, and even your friends and family. Make it a regular habit.

Listen Without Defensiveness

When receiving feedback, try to listen without interrupting or defending yourself. Focus on understanding the other person's perspective, even if you don't agree with it.

Ask Clarifying Questions

If you're unsure about something, ask clarifying questions to ensure you understand the feedback correctly. For example, "Can you give me a specific example of what you mean?"

Identify Patterns

Look for patterns in the feedback you receive. If multiple people are saying the same thing, it's likely a real issue that you need to address.

Beyond the Resume: Showcasing Your Listening Prowess

While your resume might highlight your technical skills and accomplishments, it's important to find ways to demonstrate your listening skills during the interview process. How can you do this?

Demonstrating Listening Skills in Interviews

Pay Close Attention to the Interviewer

Listen carefully to the interviewer's questions and tailor your answers accordingly. Avoid rambling or going off on tangents.

Ask Thoughtful Questions

Prepare a list of thoughtful questions to ask the interviewer at the end of the interview. This shows that you're engaged and interested in the role and the company.

Summarize Key Points

At the end of the interview, summarize the key points you've discussed and reiterate your interest in the position. This demonstrates that you were listening actively throughout the conversation.

The Long-Term Impact of Listening: A Career-Defining Skill

The ability to listen effectively isn't just a short-term skill; it's a career-defining attribute that will serve you well throughout your professional journey. As you progress in your career, you'll find that listening becomes even more critical for leading teams, managing stakeholders, and driving strategic initiatives.

The Future of Work: Listening in a Digital Age

In an increasingly digital and remote work environment, the ability to listen effectively is more important than ever. With communication happening through email, video conferencing, and instant messaging, it's easy to misinterpret messages and miss subtle cues. Consciously practicing active listening in these digital interactions is crucial for building strong relationships and avoiding misunderstandings.

The Takeaway: Embrace the Power of Listening

My student's story is a powerful reminder that the most valuable skills are often the ones we overlook. While technical expertise and strategic thinking are undoubtedly important, the ability to listen with empathy and understanding is the key to building strong relationships, fostering innovation, and unlocking your full career potential. Don't underestimate the power of listening; it's the underrated trait that CEOs crave and the foundation for a successful and fulfilling career.

Conclusion

So, what have we learned? Listening isn't just about hearing; it's about truly understanding. It's about empathy, engagement, and creating a space where everyone feels valued. Cultivate your listening skills, embrace feedback, and watch your career soar. Remember, the quietest person in the room may be the most powerful.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What's the difference between hearing and listening?

A: Hearing is the physical process of perceiving sound, while listening is the active process of understanding and interpreting the meaning of those sounds.

Q: How can I improve my active listening skills?

A: Practice paying attention, showing that you're listening, providing feedback, deferring judgment, and responding appropriately.

Q: Why is listening important for leadership?

A: Leaders who listen well are better able to understand employee needs, make informed decisions, and foster a culture of collaboration and innovation.

Q: How can I demonstrate my listening skills in a job interview?

A: Pay close attention to the interviewer's questions, ask thoughtful questions, and summarize key points at the end of the interview.

Q: Is listening still important in a digital work environment?

A: Absolutely! With communication happening through various digital channels, active listening is crucial for building strong relationships and avoiding misunderstandings.

Silence the Talker: 3 Steps to Interrupt Politely

Silence the Talker: 3 Steps to Interrupt Politely

Silence the Talker: 3 Steps to Interrupt Politely

Silence the Talker: 3 Steps to Interrupt Without Being Rude (Others Will Thank You!)

Introduction: The Endless Monologue

Have you ever been trapped in a meeting, a family gathering, or even a casual conversation where one person just *won't. stop. talking?* It's like they've hijacked the entire discussion, leaving you and everyone else longing for a chance to contribute. It's incredibly frustrating, especially when you have valuable insights or a burning question bubbling inside you. You’re not alone! We’ve all been there.

As a communication expert, I frequently encounter bright, considerate individuals who believe that interrupting is inherently impolite. However, in my book, "Smart, Not Loud: How to Get Noticed at Work for All the Right Reasons," I emphasize the significance of speaking up, particularly when you possess important information to share. Staying silent not only silences your own voice but also potentially deprives the group of valuable perspectives. So, how do you break free from the endless monologue without being seen as rude or aggressive?

Step 1: Mindset Shift – Interrupting Isn't Evil!

Why Your Perspective Matters

The first and perhaps most crucial step is to reframe your thinking about interrupting. Instead of viewing it as a transgression, consider it a necessary intervention. You’re not being rude; you’re contributing to a more balanced and productive conversation. Your thoughts, ideas, and questions are just as valid and valuable as anyone else's, including the person who seems to be dominating the floor.

Embrace Your Right to Speak

Think of it this way: the conversation is a shared space, and everyone deserves an equal opportunity to participate. If someone is monopolizing that space, gently reclaiming a portion of it isn't selfish; it's fair. Believe that what you have to say is worthwhile, and give yourself permission to be heard. A shift in mindset will empower you to confidently navigate these situations.

Step 2: The Power of a Name – A Gentle Entry Point

The "Name Game" Technique

Now, with the right mindset in place, how do you actually get a word in edgewise? The most effective and polite way to initiate an interruption is to start by using the person's name. Wait for a brief pause – even a breath – and say something like, "John," or "Sarah." This immediately gets their attention without being aggressive.

Why It Works

Using their name serves several purposes. First, it's a polite way to signal that you have something to say. Second, it acknowledges their presence and contribution, even as you're about to interrupt. It’s a subtle way of saying, "I respect you, but I also need to speak." Finally, it creates a brief moment of expectation, giving you a window to smoothly transition into your point.

Step 3: Bridge, Don't Bulldoze – Smooth Transitions Are Key

The Art of Bridging

Once you have their attention with their name, it's crucial to transition smoothly into your comment or question. Avoid abruptly cutting them off mid-sentence. Instead, use a bridging phrase that acknowledges what they've been saying before introducing your own thought. This demonstrates that you've been listening and that your contribution is relevant to the ongoing discussion.

Effective Bridging Phrases

Here are some examples of bridging phrases you can use:

  • "That's a great point, John, and it makes me think about..."
  • "Sarah, building on what you're saying, I'd like to add..."
  • "I agree with you there, John, and I also wonder if..."
  • "That's interesting, Sarah, and it reminds me of..."
  • "Before you continue John, and on the point of…"

These phrases act as a verbal bridge, connecting their thoughts to yours and ensuring a more seamless and collaborative conversation. Using a bridge acknowledges their contribution while paving the way for your own input.

Why People Monopolize Conversations

Insecurity and Attention Seeking

Understanding why some individuals dominate conversations can help you approach the situation with more empathy and patience. Sometimes, people talk excessively because they're feeling insecure and seeking validation. They might believe that talking more makes them appear more knowledgeable or important.

Nervousness and Social Anxiety

In other cases, incessant talking can be a manifestation of nervousness or social anxiety. Some people fill the silence with words as a way to cope with discomfort or avoid potential awkwardness. Recognizing these underlying factors can make you more understanding of their behavior and less likely to take it personally.

Lack of Awareness

Sometimes, people are simply unaware of how much they're talking or the impact it's having on others. They might be genuinely enthusiastic about the topic and not realize that they're dominating the conversation. In these cases, a gentle interruption can actually be helpful, bringing their attention to their behavior.

The Benefits of Speaking Up

Contributing Valuable Insights

When you speak up, you bring your unique perspectives, knowledge, and experiences to the table. You might have a different way of looking at a problem, a valuable piece of information, or a creative solution that no one else has considered. By sharing your thoughts, you enrich the conversation and contribute to a more well-rounded understanding of the topic at hand.

Encouraging Diverse Perspectives

Speaking up encourages others to do the same. When people see you confidently sharing your thoughts, they're more likely to feel empowered to voice their own opinions. This creates a more inclusive and collaborative environment where everyone feels valued and heard.

Boosting Your Confidence

Each time you successfully interrupt and contribute to a conversation, you build your confidence. You prove to yourself that your voice matters and that you have the ability to be heard. This newfound confidence can spill over into other areas of your life, empowering you to speak up in other situations where you might have previously hesitated.

Non-Verbal Cues: The Silent Language of Interruption

Eye Contact and Body Language

While verbal cues are important, non-verbal communication can also play a significant role in successfully interrupting. Making eye contact with the speaker signals that you have something to say. Leaning slightly forward and raising your hand slightly can also indicate your desire to speak without being overtly disruptive.

Reading the Room

Pay attention to the body language of others in the room. Are they also looking frustrated or disengaged? If so, your interruption might be welcomed by others who are also eager to contribute. Observing the dynamics of the group can help you gauge the appropriate timing and approach for your intervention.

When NOT to Interrupt

Emotional or Sensitive Situations

There are certain situations where interrupting is generally not appropriate. For example, if someone is sharing a personal story or expressing a strong emotion, it's usually best to listen empathetically and avoid interrupting unless absolutely necessary. Showing sensitivity and allowing them to fully express themselves is paramount in these moments.

Formal Presentations or Speeches

During formal presentations or speeches, interrupting is typically considered disrespectful. Unless there's a designated Q&A session, it's best to wait until the speaker has finished their presentation before asking questions or offering comments. However, you can always take notes to follow up later.

Dealing with Pushback

Staying Calm and Respectful

Even with the best intentions and techniques, you might encounter resistance from the person you're interrupting. They might try to talk over you or dismiss your comments. In these situations, it's crucial to remain calm, respectful, and assertive.

Asserting Your Right to Speak

Politely but firmly assert your right to speak. You could say something like, "I understand you're passionate about this, John, but I also have something important to add." Maintaining a confident and respectful demeanor can help you hold your ground without escalating the situation.

Practice Makes Perfect: Honing Your Interruption Skills

Start Small and Build Up

If you're new to interrupting, start by practicing in low-stakes situations. Try interjecting a brief comment or question in a casual conversation with friends or family. As you become more comfortable, you can gradually progress to more challenging situations, such as work meetings or group discussions.

Seek Feedback

Ask trusted friends or colleagues for feedback on your communication style. Are you coming across as assertive but respectful? Are you bridging effectively? Constructive criticism can help you refine your approach and become a more confident and effective communicator.

The Importance of Active Listening

Paying Attention to the Speaker

Active listening is a crucial component of effective communication, including the art of interrupting. Before you interrupt, make sure you've been paying attention to what the speaker is saying. Understanding their perspective will allow you to frame your comments or questions in a more relevant and thoughtful way.

Demonstrating Engagement

Show the speaker that you're engaged by nodding, making eye contact, and offering verbal affirmations like "uh-huh" or "I see." This demonstrates that you're listening and respecting their contribution, even as you prepare to interject.

Navigating Cultural Differences

Awareness of Cultural Norms

Communication styles and norms vary significantly across cultures. In some cultures, direct interruption is considered highly impolite, while in others, it's more acceptable. Being aware of these cultural differences can help you navigate conversations more effectively and avoid unintentional offense.

Adapting Your Approach

Adjust your approach based on the cultural context. In cultures where direct interruption is frowned upon, you might need to be more patient and subtle in your attempts to speak. Look for natural pauses in the conversation and use non-verbal cues to signal your desire to contribute.

The Art of Timing: When to Make Your Move

Identifying Natural Pauses

One of the most important skills in interrupting effectively is identifying natural pauses in the conversation. These can be brief silences, changes in topic, or moments when the speaker seems to be searching for words. These pauses provide an opening for you to interject without being overly disruptive.

Seizing the Opportunity

When you spot a natural pause, seize the opportunity! Don't hesitate or second-guess yourself. Take a deep breath, use the person's name, and smoothly transition into your comment or question.

Conclusion: Speak Up, Be Heard, and Be Appreciated

Learning how to interrupt effectively is a crucial skill for anyone who wants to contribute meaningfully to conversations. By adjusting your mindset, starting with the person's name, and bridging smoothly into your comments, you can ensure that your voice is heard without being perceived as rude or aggressive. Remember, your thoughts and ideas are valuable, and you deserve to be part of the conversation. Practice these techniques, and you'll be amazed at how much more confident and effective you become as a communicator. And yes, others will appreciate you for it!

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Is it *always* rude to interrupt someone?

No, it's not always rude! Context is key. In a fast-paced meeting, brief interruptions to clarify points or keep the discussion on track can be helpful. However, constantly interrupting or cutting someone off mid-sentence is generally considered impolite. Think of it like adding seasoning to a dish – a little can enhance the flavor, but too much can ruin it.

Q2: What if the person I'm interrupting gets angry or defensive?

Stay calm and respectful. Acknowledge their feelings by saying something like, "I understand you're passionate about this topic," or "I didn't mean to cut you off." Then, re-state your point calmly and confidently. If they continue to be aggressive, politely disengage from the conversation.

Q3: How can I tell if someone is actually finished speaking, or just pausing for breath?

Look for verbal and non-verbal cues. Are they taking a deep breath, looking down, or shuffling papers? These could indicate that they're about to continue. On the other hand, if they look around the room, make eye contact with others, or trail off their sentence, it's more likely that they're finished speaking.

Q4: What if I try to interrupt, but someone else interrupts me instead?

That can be frustrating! Politely re-assert yourself by saying something like, "Excuse me, I wasn't finished," or "I'd still like to share my thought." Try to maintain eye contact and a confident posture. If the problem persists, consider speaking to the meeting facilitator or organizer about creating a more equitable speaking environment.

Q5: What if I'm naturally shy and find it difficult to speak up?

Start small! Practice speaking up in less intimidating environments, like with friends or family. Prepare a few key points ahead of time so you feel more confident when you do speak. Remember, your voice matters, and with practice, you can overcome your shyness and become a more confident communicator. It's like learning to ride a bike – it might feel wobbly at first, but with practice, you'll gain balance and confidence!

Michelle Obama's Mom: #1 Parenting Secret for Confident Kids

Michelle Obama's Mom: #1 Parenting Secret for Confident Kids

Michelle Obama's Mom: #1 Parenting Secret for Confident Kids

Unlock Your Child's Potential: Michelle Obama's Mom's Secret Parenting Weapon

Introduction: The Power of a Listening Ear

Ever wondered how some kids just radiate confidence, like they were born knowing they could conquer the world? Well, it might not be innate. Former First Lady Michelle Obama credits her own unwavering confidence to a very specific parenting strategy employed by her mother, Marian Robinson. And guess what? It's simpler than you might think. It all boils down to truly listening to your children. Mrs. Obama shared this insightful piece of her childhood during an episode of the "Good Hang with Amy Poehler" podcast, revealing the potent impact a parent's attentive ear can have on a child's developing self-esteem.

The South Side Roots of Confidence

Michelle Obama's upbringing in Chicago's South Shore neighborhood wasn't about lavish toys or extravagant vacations. Instead, it was steeped in the quiet power of genuine connection. Marian Robinson dedicated herself to nurturing her children's minds and spirits by actively engaging with their thoughts and ideas. What did this look like in practice? Let's delve into the specifics.

Laughter and Validation: The Cornerstones of Confidence

Mrs. Robinson prioritized creating a space where Michelle and her brother, Craig, felt valued and heard. This wasn't about showering them with empty praise. It was about genuinely engaging with their perspectives, laughing at their jokes (even the corny ones!), and considering their ideas seriously. Can you imagine the impact of consistently feeling like your voice matters, right from the kitchen table?

Active Listening: More Than Just Hearing

We've all been guilty of "hearing" our kids while simultaneously scrolling through our phones or mentally planning our grocery list. But active listening is different. It's about giving your child your undivided attention, making eye contact, and truly absorbing what they're saying. It’s about showing them that their thoughts are worthy of your time and consideration.

The Art of Thoughtful Questions

Active listening isn't a passive exercise. It involves asking thoughtful questions that encourage your child to elaborate and explore their thoughts further. For example, instead of just saying "That's nice" to a drawing, you could ask, "What inspired you to use those colors?" or "What's the story behind this picture?" Thoughtful questions show genuine interest and encourage deeper thinking.

Feeling Special, Smart, and Capable

According to Michelle Obama, this consistent engagement with her mother made her and her brother feel "special, smart, and capable" from a young age. Think about that. Not just "good" or "talented," but *capable*. That's the kind of deep-seated belief in oneself that can carry a person through life's inevitable challenges.

Why Does This Work? Expert Insights

Michelle Obama's experience isn't just anecdotal. Experts agree that active listening is a powerful tool for raising confident children. But why does it work so well?

Building Self-Esteem Through Validation

When children feel heard and understood, they develop a stronger sense of self-worth. They learn that their thoughts and feelings are valid, which in turn boosts their self-esteem. Validation is the foundation of confidence.

Fostering Independence and Critical Thinking

By encouraging children to express their ideas and ask questions, parents help them develop independent thinking skills. They learn to analyze information, form their own opinions, and advocate for themselves. These are crucial skills for navigating the complexities of life.

Beyond the Kitchen Table: Practical Applications

So, how can you incorporate this "secret weapon" into your own parenting? It's not about overnight transformations, but about consistent effort.

Dinner Time Conversations: A Daily Opportunity

Make dinner time a screen-free zone and encourage open conversation. Ask each family member about their day, what they learned, and what challenges they faced. Listen attentively, and resist the urge to interrupt or offer unsolicited advice (unless it's specifically requested!).

Playtime: A Chance to Enter Their World

When playing with your children, let them lead the way. Follow their rules, ask questions about their imaginary worlds, and show genuine interest in their games. This demonstrates that you value their creativity and imagination.

Bedtime Stories: A Moment for Connection

Bedtime stories are a wonderful opportunity for bonding and connection. After reading a story, ask your child what they thought of it, what their favorite part was, and what they learned. Encourage them to share their own stories and ideas.

Overcoming Obstacles: The "I'm Too Busy" Excuse

Let's be honest: We're all busy. But investing a few extra minutes each day in truly listening to your children is an investment in their future. Think of it as preventative medicine for low self-esteem.

Small Changes, Big Impact

You don't need to dedicate hours each day to active listening. Even small changes can make a big difference. Try putting down your phone for 15 minutes each day to have a focused conversation with your child. Those 15 minutes can be more impactful than hours of passive presence.

More Than Confidence: The Ripple Effect

The benefits of active listening extend far beyond confidence. It also strengthens the parent-child bond, improves communication skills, and fosters a sense of empathy. It's a gift that keeps on giving.

The Legacy of Marian Robinson: A Mother's Enduring Impact

Marian Robinson's parenting style serves as a powerful reminder that the most impactful gifts we can give our children are not material possessions, but rather our time, attention, and unwavering belief in their potential. Her legacy lives on through Michelle and Craig Obama, and now, hopefully, through countless other families who embrace the power of a listening ear.

Conclusion: Unlock Your Child's Potential, One Conversation at a Time

Michelle Obama's story highlights the profound impact of active listening in raising confident and capable children. By prioritizing genuine connection, asking thoughtful questions, and validating their experiences, we can help our children develop a strong sense of self-worth and the belief that they can achieve anything they set their minds to. So, put down your phone, make eye contact, and truly listen. You might be surprised at the transformation you witness.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. Q: What exactly is "active listening" in parenting?
    A: Active listening means giving your child your full attention, making eye contact, and truly trying to understand their perspective without interrupting or judging. It involves asking thoughtful questions to encourage them to elaborate and feel heard.
  2. Q: How can I fit active listening into my busy schedule?
    A: Even small amounts of dedicated time can make a difference. Try having a screen-free dinner, engaging in focused playtime for 15 minutes, or having a meaningful conversation before bedtime.
  3. Q: What if my child is shy or doesn't want to talk?
    A: Start small and create a safe and comfortable environment. Focus on nonverbal cues and show genuine interest in their activities. Ask open-ended questions and be patient. Over time, they may feel more comfortable opening up.
  4. Q: Is it ever okay to offer advice, even if my child doesn't ask for it?
    A: It's generally best to avoid giving unsolicited advice, as it can shut down the conversation and make your child feel like they're not being heard. Instead, focus on listening and validating their feelings. If they specifically ask for advice, offer it gently and respectfully.
  5. Q: What are some specific questions I can ask my child to encourage conversation?
    A: Try asking questions like, "What was the best part of your day?", "What's something you learned today that surprised you?", "What are you looking forward to tomorrow?", or "If you could change one thing about your day, what would it be and why?"